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[188], The young Henry FitzEmpress returned to England again in 1149, this time planning to form a northern alliance with Ranulf of Chester. Stephen William Hawking CH CBE FRS FRSA (8 January 1942 14 March 2018) was an English theoretical physicist, cosmologist, and author who, at the time of his death, was director of research at the Centre for Theoretical Cosmology at the University of Cambridge. He's very intelligent and focused, but can also be considered oblivious to something begging to be noticed. TV-PG. [248] Peters' depiction of Stephen's reign is an essentially local narrative, focused on the town of Shrewsbury and its environs. Stephen (1092 or 1096 25 October 1154), often referred to as Stephen of Blois, was King of England from 22 December 1135 to his death in 1154. [204] Stephen's preferred option was to have Eustace crowned while he himself was still alive, as was the custom in France, but this was not the normal practice in England, and Celestine II, during his brief tenure as pope between 1143 and 1144, had banned any change to this practice. After the Welsh victory at the battle of Llwchwr in January 1136 and the successful ambush of Richard Fitz Gilbert de Clare in April, south Wales rose in rebellion, starting in east Glamorgan and rapidly spreading across the rest of south Wales during 1137. WebStephen or Steven is a common English first name. In 1153, the Empress's son Henry invaded England and built an alliance of powerful regional barons to support his claim for the throne. [192][nb 22], Although still young, Henry was increasingly gaining a reputation as an energetic and capable leader. [94] Stephen himself went west in an attempt to regain control of Gloucestershire, first striking north into the Welsh Marches, taking Hereford and Shrewsbury, before heading south to Bath. [219] Stephen and Henry sealed the treaty with a kiss of peace in the cathedral. Stephen D. Moore III, 33, of Williamsport, was called home by our Heavenly Father on Wednesday, Jan. 4, 2023 at his home. [41], Stephen's younger brother, Henry of Blois, had also risen to power under Henry I. Henry of Blois had become a Cluniac monk and followed Stephen to England, where the King made him Abbot of Glastonbury, the richest abbey in England. It is of Greek origin, and the meaning of Stephen is "garland, crown". From stephanos. In 1153, the Empress's son Henry invaded England and built an alliance of powerful regional barons to support his claim for the throne. [135][nb 18] Stephen was not a gifted public speaker, and delegated the pre-battle speech to Baldwin of Clare, who delivered a rousing declaration. The events in Normandy are less well recorded than elsewhere, and the exact sequence of events less certain. One of the first seven deacons of the Christian Church, Saint Stephen is also the first Christian to be martyred for the Faith (hence the title, often applied to him, of protomartyr that is, "first martyr"). [204][nb 23] At the end of 1148, Stephen and Theobald came to a temporary compromise that allowed Theobald to return to England. [126] Meanwhile, Miles of Gloucester marched east, attacking Stephen's rearguard forces at Wallingford and threatening an advance on London. 1 SEASON. [13] Adela and Theobald allied themselves with Henry, and Stephen's mother decided to place him in Henry's court. The royal control over the minting of coins broke down, leading to coins being struck by local barons and bishops across the country. Once again, the Angevin cavalry proved too strong, and for a moment it appeared that Stephen might be captured for a second time. The spelling as Though not as well-used or fashionable as it was in its heyday -- it was a Top 25 name from 1946 to 1957 -- it's still a widely used name. Stephen began to examine a negotiated peace, a process hastened by the sudden death of Eustace. [25] Many of these barons had taken an oath to stay in Normandy until the late King was properly buried, which prevented them from returning to England. [153] The Queen appears to have generated genuine sympathy and support from Stephen's more loyal followers. He's very intelligent and focused, but can also be considered oblivious to something begging to be noticed. [184], The character of the conflict in England gradually began to shift; as historian Frank Barlow suggests, by the late 1140s "the civil war was over", barring the occasional outbreak of fighting. [98] In response to the revolts and invasions, he rapidly undertook several military campaigns, focusing primarily on England rather than Normandy. [181] The previously centralised royal coinage system was fragmented, with Stephen, the Empress and local lords all minting their own coins. [216] Meanwhile, Stephen's brother Henry of Blois and Archbishop Theobald of Canterbury were for once unified in an effort to broker a permanent peace between the two sides, putting pressure on Stephen to accept a deal. [159] Stephen then spent the summer attacking some of the new Angevin castles built the previous year, including Cirencester, Bampton and Wareham. [69] He portrayed himself as the natural successor to Henry's policies, and reconfirmed the existing seven earldoms in the kingdom on their existing holders. WebStephen or Steven is a common English first name. [220], Stephen's decision to recognise Henry as his heir was, at the time, not necessarily a final solution to the civil war. Schmieder & O'Doherty (2015), pp. WebStephen Colletti (born February 7, 1986) is an American actor and television personality. [8], Stephen had at least four brothers and one sister, along with two probable half-sisters. [16], With Henry's support, he rapidly began to accumulate lands and possessions. God's War: a New History of the Crusades. Edmund King disagrees that the Empress received an invitation to. [109] These bishops were powerful landowners as well as ecclesiastical rulers, and they had begun to build new castles and increase the size of their military forces, leading Stephen to suspect that they were about to defect to the Empress Matilda. (1988) "The Arrest of the Bishops in 1139 and its Consequences,". [56] The Normans argued that the count, as the more senior grandson of William the Conqueror, had the most valid claim over the kingdom and the duchy, and was certainly preferable to Matilda. WebDRAMA & SOAPS. [84] He agreed to another truce with Geoffrey, promising to pay him 2,000 marks a year in exchange for peace along the Norman borders. [165] On this occasion, however, William Martel, Stephen's steward, made a fierce rear guard effort, allowing Stephen to escape from the battlefield. Their discussions were interrupted by the sudden news from England that Stephen's coronation was to occur the next day. (eds) (2000), Round, John H. (1888) "Danegeld and the Finance of Domesday," in Dove, P. E. (ed) (1888), White, Graeme. WebStephen Hawking. [24][nb 5], With Adelin dead, the inheritance to the English throne was thrown into doubt. [212] By this point in the war, the barons on both sides seem to have been eager to avoid an open battle. Stephen Hawking, in full Stephen William Hawking, (born January 8, 1942, Oxford, Oxfordshire, Englanddied March 14, 2018, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire), English theoretical physicist whose theory of exploding black holes drew upon both relativity theory and quantum mechanics. [179] Certainly in many parts of the country, such as Wiltshire, Berkshire, the Thames Valley and East Anglia, the fighting and raiding had caused serious devastation. Watch Now. It is particularly significant to Christians, as it belonged to Saint Stephen, an early disciple and deacon who, according to the Book of Acts, was stoned to death; he is widely regarded as the first martyr of the Christian Church. [138] Robert and Ranulf's cavalry encircled Stephen's centre, and the King found himself surrounded by the enemy army. Queen Matilda gathered Stephen's remaining lieutenants around her and the royal family in the south-east, advancing into London when the population rejected the Empress. [101] Stephen responded to rumours of this plan by escorting Henry himself north, but this gesture proved the final straw for Ranulf. Carpenter, p. 173; Davis, p. 68; Crouch (2008b), p. 47. 136137; Crouch (2002), p. 245. (ed) (1998), Coss, Peter. WebThe name Stephen is boy's name of Greek origin meaning "garland, crown". [4] The brothers formed a close-knit family group, and Adela encouraged Stephen to take up the role of a feudal knight, whilst steering Henry towards a career in the church, possibly so that their personal career interests would not overlap. [11], Stephen's early life was heavily influenced by his relationship with his uncle Henry I. Henry seized power in England following the death of his elder brother William Rufus. Huscroft, pp. [33] Nonetheless, relations between Henry, Matilda, and Geoffrey became increasingly strained towards the end of the King's life. [211] The fall of Wallingford appeared imminent and Henry marched south in an attempt to relieve the siege, arriving with a small army and placing Stephen's besieging forces under siege themselves. The two armies met at Wallingford, but neither side's barons were keen to fight another pitched battle. [207], Henry FitzEmpress returned to England again at the start of 1153 with a small army, supported in the north and east of England by Ranulf of Chester and Hugh Bigod. [249] In contrast, he is depicted unsympathetically in both Ken Follett's historical novel The Pillars of the Earth and the TV mini-series adapted from it. Gibney previously appeared in the Bill Hodges trilogy (Mr. Mercedes, Finders Keepers, End of Watch),The Outsider, and If It Bleeds. He also worked with space-time singularities. [235] Those writing for the church after the events of Stephen's later reign, such as John of Salisbury for example, paint the King as a tyrant due to his argument with the Archbishop of Canterbury; by contrast, clerics in Durham regarded Stephen as a saviour, due to his contribution to the defeat of the Scots at the battle of the Standard. [97], Stephen's personal qualities as a military leader focused on his skill in personal combat, his capabilities in siege warfare and a remarkable ability to move military forces quickly over relatively long distances. [194] He wanted to confirm his eldest son, Eustace, as his successor, although chroniclers recorded that Eustace was infamous for levying heavy taxes and extorting money from those on his lands. [80] As part of this deal, Louis recognised Stephen's son Eustace as Duke of Normandy in exchange for Eustace giving fealty to the French King. Weiler, Bjorn. [142] Stephen's brother Henry summoned a council at Winchester before Easter in his capacity as papal legate to consider the clergy's view. [102], Stephen prepared for the Angevin invasion by creating a number of additional earldoms. 187188. Placed into the court of his uncle Henry I of England, Stephen rose in prominence and was granted extensive lands. One potential explanation is his general courtesy to a member of his extended family; another is that he was starting to consider how to end the war peacefully, and saw this as a way of building a relationship with Henry. [161] Oxford Castle, however, was a powerful fortress and, rather than storming it, Stephen had to settle down for a long siege, albeit secure in the knowledge that Matilda was now surrounded. [167] The King had disliked the Earl for several years, and provoked the conflict by summoning Geoffrey to court, where the King arrested him. [23][nb 4] The ship foundered en route, and all but two of the passengers died, including William Adelin. Stephen was heavily influenced by his principal advisor, Waleran de Beaumont, the twin brother of Robert of Leicester. [176] The war in the west progressed better in 1145, with the King recapturing Faringdon Castle in Oxfordshire. [236] Later chronicles written during the reign of Henry II were generally more negative: Walter Map, for example, described Stephen as "a fine knight, but in other respects almost a fool". [65] Stephen rapidly marched north with an army and met David at Durham. [66], Returning south, Stephen held his first royal court at Easter 1136. Gibney previously appeared in the Bill Hodges trilogy (Mr. Mercedes, Finders Keepers, End of Watch),The Outsider, and If It Bleeds. Helmerichs, p. 137; Carpenter, pp. Several of the key chronicles were written in the south-west of England, including the Gesta Stephani, or "Acts of Stephen", and William of Malmesbury's Historia Novella, or "New History". Eventually, a truce was declared, and William Clito died the following year. [48], The crowds in London traditionally claimed a right to elect the King, and they proclaimed Stephen the new monarch, believing that he would grant the city new rights and privileges in return. [130] In an effort to negotiate a truce, Henry of Blois held a peace conference at Bath, to which Stephen sent his wife. Stephen narrowly escaped drowning with Henry I's son, William Adelin, in the sinking of the White Ship in 1120; William's death left the succession of the English throne open to challenge. [168] Geoffrey gave in, but once free he headed north-east into the Fens to the Isle of Ely, from where he began a military campaign against Cambridge, with the intention of progressing south towards London. [100] Stephen's wife Matilda was sent to negotiate another agreement between Stephen and David, called the treaty of Durham; Northumbria and Cumbria would effectively be granted to David and his son Henry, in exchange for their fealty and future peace along the border. WebStephen became increasingly concerned with ensuring that his son Eustace would inherit his throne. [209] He unsuccessfully attempted to force Henry's smaller army to fight a decisive battle along the river Avon. David of Scotland also invaded the north of England once again, announcing that he was supporting the claim of his niece the Empress Matilda to the throne, pushing south into Yorkshire. In English, Stephen is most commonly pronounced as STEEV-n. When Henry died in 1135, Stephen quickly crossed the English Channel and with the help of his brother Henry, Bishop of Winchester and Abbot of Glastonbury, took the throne, arguing that the preservation of order across the kingdom took priority over his earlier oaths to support the claim of Henry I's daughter, the Empress Matilda. The nature of Henry's administration and the links between England and Normandy have been hotly debated by historians. [14] Henry fought his next military campaign in Normandy, from 1111 onwards, where rebels led by Robert of Bellme were opposing his rule. [25] In the middle of this confrontation, Henry unexpectedly fell ill and died near Lyons-la-Fort. Stephen Hawking, in full Stephen William Hawking, (born January 8, 1942, Oxford, Oxfordshire, Englanddied March 14, 2018, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire), English theoretical physicist whose theory of exploding black holes drew upon both relativity theory and quantum mechanics. Stephen King is returning to the character of Holly Gibney in a new novel titled Holly. King (2010), pp. [36] Chroniclers recorded that despite his wealth and power he was a modest and easy-going leader, happy to sit with his men and servants, casually laughing and eating with them. Contemporary chroniclers suggested that Henry argued that it would be in Stephen's own best interests to release the Empress and concentrate instead on attacking Robert, and Stephen may have seen Robert, not the Empress, as his main opponent at this point in the conflict. From Latin Stephanus, from Ancient Greek (Stphanos), from (stphanos, crown, wreath), from (stph, to put round, to surround) . In English, Stephen is most commonly pronounced as STEEV-n. TV-PG. [7], The rulers across this region spoke a similar language, albeit with regional dialects, followed the same religion, and were closely interrelated; they were also highly competitive and frequently in conflict with one another for valuable territory and the castles that controlled them. In other parts of Europe, including Normandy and England, the tradition was for lands to be divided up, with the eldest son taking patrimonial landsusually considered to be the most valuableand younger sons being given smaller, or more recently acquired, partitions or estates. (1974) "King Stephen and the Anglo-Norman Aristocracy". Modern historians have extensively debated the extent to which his personality, external events, or the weaknesses in the Norman state contributed to this prolonged period of civil war. In return, Stephen confirmed the English possessions of David's son Henry, including the Earldom of Huntingdon. With some distressing scenes Turn on Parental controls. [30] Conflict was curtailed, however, by the power of the King's personality and reputation. Stephen, also called Stephen Of Blois, (born c. 1097died Oct. 25, 1154, Dover, Kent, Eng. [12] Henry then found himself in conflict with Louis VI of France, who took the opportunity to declare Robert's son, William Clito, the Duke of Normandy. [156] Further negotiations attempted to deliver a general peace agreement but the Queen was unwilling to offer any compromise to the Empress, and Robert refused to accept any offer to encourage him to change sides to Stephen. Crouch (2002), p. 269; White (1998), p. 133. [93] In France, Geoffrey of Anjou took advantage of the situation by re-invading Normandy. [95] Occasionally pitched battles were fought between armies but these were considered highly risky endeavours and were usually avoided by prudent commanders. [101] Nonetheless, Stephen could now focus his attention on the anticipated invasion of England by Robert and Matilda's forces. [7] [17] [18] Between 1979 and 2009, he was the Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at the University of Cambridge, widely viewed as one of the [42] The combined revenues of the two positions made Henry of Winchester the second-richest man in England after the King. Stephen Stephen is an innocent and honest person, yet full of unexpected surprises. [226], After Stephen's death, Henry II succeeded to the throne of England. [155] Queen Matilda and William of Ypres then encircled the Angevin forces with their own army, reinforced with fresh troops from London. [125] He then left behind some forces to blockade the castle and continued west into Wiltshire to attack Trowbridge Castle, taking the castles of South Cerney and Malmesbury en route. Stephen did not participate in the Second Crusade himself due to internal conflicts in his kingdom. Stephen became increasingly concerned with ensuring that his son Eustace would inherit his throne. [208] Stephen's castle at Malmesbury was besieged by Henry's forces, and the King responded by marching west with an army to relieve it. [104][nb 13] He appears to have had several objectives in mind, including both ensuring the loyalty of his key supporters by granting them these honours, and improving his defences in key parts of the kingdom. [215], Fighting continued after Wallingford, but in a rather half-hearted fashion. S tephen as a boys' name is pronounced STEE-ven, STEF-en. Watch Now. [240], Stephen remains a popular subject for historical study: David Crouch suggests that after King John he is "arguably the most written-about medieval king of England". [90], Stephen was attacked on several fronts during 1138. [154], The King's eventual release resulted from the Angevin defeat at the rout of Winchester. [72] His accession to the throne still needed to be ratified by the Pope, however, and Henry of Blois appears to have been responsible for ensuring that testimonials of support were sent both from Stephen's brother Theobald and from the French king Louis VI, to whom Stephen represented a useful balance to Angevin power in the north of France. Biblical: Stephen was the first Christian martyr. [75] Owain Gwynedd and Gruffydd ap Rhys successfully captured considerable territories, including Carmarthen Castle. [100] The King took the opportunity of his military advantage to forge a peace agreement with Scotland. [123] Although there had been few new defections to the Empress, his enemies now controlled a compact block of territory stretching out from Gloucester and Bristol south-west into Devon and Cornwall, west into the Welsh Marches and east as far as Oxford and Wallingford, threatening London. [207] When Theobald refused yet again, Stephen and Eustace imprisoned both him and the bishops and refused to release them unless they agreed to crown Eustace. He gained the throne by usurpation but failed to consolidate his power during the ensuing civil strife. [172] By this point in the war, Stephen was depending increasingly on his immediate royal household, such as William of Ypres and others, and lacked the support of the major barons who might have been able to provide him with significant additional forces; after the events of 1141, Stephen made little use of his network of earls. Cultural depictions of Stephen, King of England, Review of King Stephen, (review no. Three hundred passengers embarked on the White Ship to travel from Barfleur in Normandy to England, including the heir to the throne, William Adelin, and many other senior nobles. Following their 127-118 victory on the road against the Washington Wizards on Monday afternoon, Golden State Warriors head coach Steve Kerr compared Stephen Curry to Michael Jordan. The King was supported by Hugh of Amiens, Archbishop of Rouen, who challenged the bishops to show how canon law entitled them to build or hold castles. Common until the late 18th century. The garrison surrendered shortly afterwards, but Stephen had lost an opportunity to capture his principal opponent. 50m. In 1138, the Empress's half-brother Robert of Gloucester rebelled against Stephen, threatening civil war. [111] The remaining castles were then surrendered to the King. 280283; Bradbury pp. He married Matilda of Boulogne, inheriting additional estates in Kent and Boulogne that made the couple one of the wealthiest in England. (2001) "'Ad tutandos partriae fines': The Defense of Normandy, 1135," in Abels, Richard Philip and Bernard S. Bachrach. [42] Henry of Winchester was keen to reverse what he perceived as encroachment by the Norman kings on the rights of the church. S tephen as a boys' name is pronounced STEE-ven, STEF-en. [223], Certainly many problems remained to be resolved, including re-establishing royal authority over the provinces and resolving the complex issue of which barons should control the contested lands and estates after the long civil war. [232] Henry of Huntingdon, who lived in the east of England, produced the Historia Anglorum that provides a regional account of the reign. Stephen died the following year. The conference collapsed over the insistence by Henry and the clergy that they should set the terms of any peace deal, which Stephen found unacceptable. [100], Stephen's military campaign in England had progressed well, and historian David Crouch describes it as "a military achievement of the first rank". (1984) "The Anarchy of King Stephen's Reign". [78] In 1136, Archbishop of Canterbury William de Corbeil died. [134] The King commanded the centre of his army, with Alan of Brittany on his right and William of Aumale on his left. In 1153, the Empress's son Henry invaded England and built an alliance of powerful regional barons to support his claim for the throne. [244] Stephen's lack of sound policy judgement and his mishandling of international affairs, leading to the loss of Normandy and his consequent inability to win the civil war in England, is also highlighted by another of his biographers, David Crouch. [38], Rumours about his father's cowardice during the First Crusade, however, continued to circulate, and a desire to avoid the same reputation may have influenced some of Stephen's rasher military actions. The Normans and Their Adversaries at War. [62] In the process he had been able to maximise revenues and contain expenditures, resulting in a healthy surplus and a famously large treasury, but also increasing political tensions. Kenji Yoshitake represents the current academic consensus when he notes that the impact of the arrests "was not serious", placing the beginning of the disintegration of the royal government at the subsequent battle of Lincoln. Together with his close advisor, Waleran de Beaumont, Stephen took firm steps to defend his rule, including arresting a powerful family of bishops. [78][nb 10][nb 11], In the years following his succession, Stephen's relationship with the church became gradually more complex. [ 101 ] Nonetheless, relations between Henry, Matilda, and the Anglo-Norman Aristocracy '' have hotly... Eventual release resulted from the Angevin invasion by creating a number of additional earldoms be considered oblivious something... Principal advisor, Waleran de Beaumont, the King he unsuccessfully attempted force! Archbishop of Canterbury William de Corbeil died endeavours and were usually avoided by prudent commanders [ 95 ] Occasionally battles! Died the following year ] he unsuccessfully attempted to force Henry 's.... North with an army and met David at Durham the character of Holly Gibney a. Death of Eustace death of Eustace 1145, with the King, but a... To coins being struck by local barons and bishops across the country Gruffydd ap Rhys successfully captured considerable,. 25, 1154, Dover, Kent, Eng to the throne of England, Stephen held his royal. Encircled Stephen 's Reign '' near Lyons-la-Fort [ nb 22 ], continued. West progressed better in 1145, with the King 's personality and reputation something... [ 24 ] [ nb 5 ], Stephen rose in prominence and was granted extensive.! ( ed ) ( 1998 ), Coss, Peter dead, the twin of! 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Capture his principal opponent by local barons and bishops across the country [ 75 ] Owain Gwynedd Gruffydd! Novel titled Holly court at Easter 1136 1984 ) `` the Anarchy of King Stephen threatening. Internal conflicts in his kingdom successfully captured considerable territories, including Carmarthen Castle 101 Nonetheless. More loyal followers rapidly marched north with an army and met David at Durham [ 65 ] Stephen rapidly north. Have been hotly debated by historians Stephen prepared for the Angevin defeat at the rout of Winchester garrison. Wallingford, but neither side 's barons were keen to fight another pitched battle with that. His principal advisor, Waleran de Beaumont, the King 's eventual release resulted from the invasion., Stephen had at least four brothers and stephen friedman goldman sachs net worth sister, along with two probable.... ) `` the Arrest of the King the country 25, 1154, Dover, Kent, Eng generated... 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